The body’s immune system defeats diseases by sensing foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses, then mounting a response against them.
Researchers have discovered a general property for understanding how immune cell receptors sense and respond to microbial signals, which could lead to more effective vaccines for both existing and novel viruses.
Written content From U Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering
But how immune cell receptors work together to sense multiple molecules and make these decisions remained a mystery. Now, researchers at the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago have discovered a general property for understanding how these cells sense and respond to microbial signals.
By studying how foreign molecules impact immune cells, they found that while the effect of a single molecule does not predict the effect of two molecules together, the complexity stops there. In fact, the effect of singles and pairs of molecules can be used to predict how triplets of molecules work.
The U.S. National Science Foundation-funded study, led by Nicolas Chevrier and published in Cell Systems, led to a more effective cancer immunotherapy in mice and could lead to more effective vaccines for both existing and novel viruses.
Each of the body’s innate immune cells has receptors that recognize molecules from foreign pathogens. To fight off bacteria or viruses, those cells make decisions in response to complex combinations of inputs from those molecules. Though researchers have studied singular pathways, how these pathways work together is still not well understood.
Chevrier and his collaborators set out to better understand how cells integrate multiple signals into a response. Not only would that answer a basic question of biology, it would help design vaccines that use adjuvants, molecules that modulate the immune system and enhance its response.
Though just a few vaccines currently use them, adjuvants may be the key to developing new kinds of vaccines. If researchers could find the right combination to target more adjuvants, vaccines could become more effective.
“This research is an excellent example of how NSF’s Physics of Living Systems Graduate Student Research Network enables basic research across disciplines that can lead to discoveries with high societal impact,” says Krastan Blagoev, a program director in NSF’s Division of Physics.
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Understanding how combinations work together
Chevrier and his collaborators used adjuvants to stimulate immune cells in petri dishes to figure out what happens when single molecules, pairs of molecules, and triplets of molecules are used. If the results were additive, the effects of one molecule and the effects of another molecule would, when combined, remain the same. Researchers found that wasn’t the case—two molecules combined led to different effects than each had singularly.
But they did find that the effect of single molecules and pairs of molecules could accurately predict what happened with triplets of molecules.
“It could have been infinitely complex, but it’s not,” Chevrier said. “We are the first to show you can predict higher-order effects across immune pathways with very simple models.”
Model used to design cancer immunotherapy
To prove their theory, the researchers injected cells conditioned with certain combinations of adjuvants—creating a specific cancer immunotherapy treatment—in a mouse model with tumors. The response was potent: the tumors grew five to ten times less in treated mice versus untreated mice.
“We are the first to show you can predict higher-order effects across immune pathways with very simple models.”
“That was very encouraging,” Chevrier. “Now we need to better understand the mechanisms of why this worked so well.”
The researchers also hope to search for new combinations of adjuvants that have equally strong effects and eventually mount a clinical trial in humans.
“Now that we can predict the effects of multiple adjuvants with little data and a simple model, we need to extend this knowledge to the design of vaccines against both new and old threats,” Chevrier said. Read more from U Chicago
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